Practical Aspects of Calculation, Expression and Interpretation Of Urine Albumin Measurement
Calculation, Expression and Interpretation Of Urine Albumin Measurement
Keywords:
Microalbuminuria, urine albumin measurement, albumin:creatinine ratio, calculation, interpretationAbstract
There is a large variation for estimation of albumin in urine between different laboratories. Clinical practice guidelines for the urine albumin measurements have been issued by professional organizations in several countries. These guidelines are not uniform in recommendations regarding sample type, time of sample collection, units of reporting, reference intervals used for interpretation, nor methods used to measure albumin. The aim of this article is to provide practical information regarding laboratory measurement, calculations, reporting and interpretation of urine albumin excretion. For laboratory estimation of urine albumin one can follow clinical practice guidelines suitable for their region or country or recommended by professional organization. There is lot of confusion about reporting of results in different units. Ideally, International System of Units should be adopted. Also there should be agreement all over the world to use single system of units for expressing results for urine albumin measurement. At present in India there are no such clear guidelines about laboratory measurement of urine albumin.
References
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11. Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): a position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33(5):1004-10.
12. American Diabetic Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes- 2009. Diabetes Care 2009;32(suppl 1):S13-S61.
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18. Miller WG, Bruns DE, Hortin GL, Sandberg S, Aakre KM, McQueen MJ, et al; National Kidney Disease Education Program–IFCC Working Group on Standardization of Albumin in Urine. Current issues in measurement and reporting ofurinary albumin excretion. Clin Chem 2009;55(1):24-38.
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23. Miller WG, Bruns DE. Laboratory issues in measuring and reporting urine albumin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):717-8.
24. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, Levin A, Coresh J, Rossert J, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005;67(6):2089-2100.
25. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Improvement (K/DOQIâ„¢) clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49(Suppl 2):S1-S180.
26. Mattix JH, Hsu CY, Shaykevich S, Curhan G. Use of the albumin/creatinine ratio to detect microalbuminuria: implications of sex and race. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(4):1034-9.
27. Robert WL, McMillin GA, Burtis CA, Bruns DE. Reference information for the clinical laboratory. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (ed). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, 4th edition, (Indian reprint). New Delhi, Saunders an imprint of Elsevier, 2006;2251-2318.
28. Lehman HP, Henry JB. Appendices 5, SI Units. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR (ed). Henry’s clinical
diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, 21st edition, South Asia edition, (Indian reprint). New Delhi, Saunders an imprint of Elsevier, 2009; 1404-10.
2. David B, Sacks MB. Carbohydrates. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (ed). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, 4 th edition, (Indian reprint). New Delhi, Saunders an imprint of Elsevier, 2006;837-901.
3. Sarafidis PA, Khosla N, Bakris GL. Antihypertensive therapy in the presence of proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49(1):12-26.
4. Molitch ME, DeFronzo RA, Franz MJ, Keane WF, Mogensen CE, Parving HH, Steffes MW. American Diabetes Association: Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27(suppl 1):S79-83.
5. Kessler MA, Meinitzer A, Petek W, Wolfbeis OS. Microalbuminuria and borderline-increased albumin excretion determined with a centrifugal analyzer and the Albumin Blue 580 fluorescence assay. Clin Chem 1997;43(6):996-1002.
6. Olivarius ND, Mogensen CE. Danish general practitioners’ estimation of urinary albumin concentration in the detection of proteinuria and microalbuminuria. Br J Gen Pract 1995;45(391):71-3.
7. Waugh J, Bell SC, Kilby MD, Lambert PC, Blackwell CN, Shennan A, et al. Urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratios: reference range in uncomplicated pregnancy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104(2):103-7.
8. Sarafidis PA, Riehle J, Bogojevic Z, Basta E, Chugh A, Bakris GL. A comparative evaluation of various methods for microalbuminuria screening. Am J Nephrol 2008;28(2): 324-9.
9. Dyer AR, Greenland P, Elliott P, Daviglus ML, Claeys G, Kesteloot H, et al; INTERMAP
Research Group. Evaluation of measures of urinary albumin excretion in epidemiological studies. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160(11):1122-31.
10. Lambers Heerspink HJ, Brantsma AH, de Zeeuw D, Bakker SJL, de Jong PE, Gansevoort RT; PREVEND Study Group. Albuminuria assessed from first-morning-void urine samples versus 24-hour urine collections as a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Am J Epidemol 2008;168(8):897-905.
11. Keane WF, Eknoyan G. Proteinuria, albuminuria, risk, assessment, detection, elimination (PARADE): a position paper of the National Kidney Foundation. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33(5):1004-10.
12. American Diabetic Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes- 2009. Diabetes Care 2009;32(suppl 1):S13-S61.
13. Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, Kausz AT, Levin A, Steffes MW, et al; National Kidney Foundation. National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med 2003;139(2):137-47.
14. Halimi JM , Hadjadj S, Aboyans V, Allaert FA, Artigou JY, Beaufils M, et al. Microalbuminuria and urinary albumin excretion: French clinical practice guidelines. Diabetes Metabo 2007;33(4):303-9.
15. WeekersL, Scheen AJ, LefebvrePJ. How I evaluate…diabetic nephropathy. First part: micro- and macroalbuminuria. Rev Med Liege 1998;53(8):494-8.
16. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001;104(22):2746-53.
17. McQueen MJ, Don-Wauchope AC. Requesting and interpreting urine albumin measurements in the primary health care setting. Clin Chem 2008;54(10):1595-7.
18. Miller WG, Bruns DE, Hortin GL, Sandberg S, Aakre KM, McQueen MJ, et al; National Kidney Disease Education Program–IFCC Working Group on Standardization of Albumin in Urine. Current issues in measurement and reporting ofurinary albumin excretion. Clin Chem 2009;55(1):24-38.
19. Lamb EJ, MacKenzie F, Stevens PE. How should proteinuria be detected and measured? Ann Clin Biochem 2009;46(3):205-17.
20. Witte EC, Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, Bakker SJ, de Jong PE, Gansevoort R. First morning voids are more reliable than spot urine samples to assess microalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20(2):436-43.
21. Osberg I, Chase HP, Garg SK, DeAndrea A, Harris S, Hamilton R, et al. Effects of storage time and temperature on measurement of small concentrations of albumin in urine. Clin Chem 1990;36(8):1428-30.
22. Brinkman JW, de Zeeuw D, Duker JJ, Gansevoort RT, Kema IP, Hillege HL, et al. Falsely low urinary albumin concentrations after prolonged frozen storage of urine samples. Clin Chem 2005;51(11):2181-3.
23. Miller WG, Bruns DE. Laboratory issues in measuring and reporting urine albumin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24(3):717-8.
24. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, Levin A, Coresh J, Rossert J, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2005;67(6):2089-2100.
25. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Improvement (K/DOQIâ„¢) clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49(Suppl 2):S1-S180.
26. Mattix JH, Hsu CY, Shaykevich S, Curhan G. Use of the albumin/creatinine ratio to detect microalbuminuria: implications of sex and race. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13(4):1034-9.
27. Robert WL, McMillin GA, Burtis CA, Bruns DE. Reference information for the clinical laboratory. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (ed). Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, 4th edition, (Indian reprint). New Delhi, Saunders an imprint of Elsevier, 2006;2251-2318.
28. Lehman HP, Henry JB. Appendices 5, SI Units. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR (ed). Henry’s clinical
diagnosis and management by laboratory methods, 21st edition, South Asia edition, (Indian reprint). New Delhi, Saunders an imprint of Elsevier, 2009; 1404-10.
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Published
2011-03-31
How to Cite
Chavan, V. U., Sayyed, A. K., Durgawale, P. P., Sontakke, A. V., & Nilakhe, S. D. (2011). Practical Aspects of Calculation, Expression and Interpretation Of Urine Albumin Measurement: Calculation, Expression and Interpretation Of Urine Albumin Measurement. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine, 2(1), 30–35. Retrieved from http://www.nicpd.ac.in/ojs-/index.php/njirm/article/view/1893
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