Global Journal of Medicine & Public Health

A case-control study to assess the quality of life among patients diagnosed with polycystic ovarian syndrome infield practice area of a government medical college

Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age,

characterised by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. Beyond its reproductive and

metabolic implications, PCOS can significantly impact psychological well-being, self-image, and overall quality of

life. Understanding the extent of this impact is essential for the comprehensive management of women with PCOS.

Methodology

A case-control study was conducted among women of reproductive age (18–49 years) to assess quality of life in

women with PCOS. Cases were women diagnosed with PCOS using Rotterdam criteria (requiring 2 out of 3:

hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries on USG), while age-matched controls were women

without PCOS or other chronic illnesses. A sample size of 280 cases and 280 controls (1:1 ratio) was calculated based

on an expected control proportion of 0.1, an assumed odds ratio of 2, 95% confidence, and 80% power. Participants

were recruited through house-to-house surveys in an urban field practice area. Data collection used the WHOQOL

BREF (26-item) pre-validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28, with descriptive statistics (mean,

SD, CI), Mann-Whitney U test for transformed scores, and Chi-square tests for categorical comparisons. Ethical

approval was obtained, with confidentiality ensured and written informed consent collected from all participants.

Results

The study observed that only 1.4% of cases rated their quality of life as excellent (5/5) compared to 6.4% of controls,

a difference that was highly statistically significant (p<0.001). This indicates that cases were nearly 4.5 times less

likely to report a high quality of life, reflecting a substantial compromise in perceived well-being among cases

compared to controls.

Conclusion

The study found that cases were much less likely than controls to rate their quality of life as excellent, indicating a

significant decline in perceived well-being among cases.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Biology, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Elizabeth Duffy — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are established as the most common sexually transmitted pathogens worldwide.

Research has shown that vaccination against the virus pre-infection prevents most HPV-linked diseases. There are

a variety of examples of these. Cervical cancer is the disease most commonly linked with HPVs, however they are

also linked with a variety of other cancers. These include cancers of the male and female genitalia, as well as the

head, neck, skin and oropharynx. Largely,these are caused by “high-risk “HPV types. Examples include HPV 16 and

Other types of HPV cause benign tumours (warts) in these regions. These are classed as “low-risk”and include

HPV 6 and 11.he majority of these pathogenic strains are key ingredients in the three current vaccines. These are

Gardasil-4, Cervarix, and Gardasil-9. However, a minority (30%) of HPV-linked diseases are caused by non-vaccine

strains. This leaves even those vaccinated at risk of infection and hence disease. This highlights that more broadly

protective vaccines are an urgent requirement for global eradication of HPV transmission and disease. This review

aims to first explore key principles of HPV`s virology and their applications to current vaccinology. Challenges to

these are then addressed followed by further exploration of these principles for prevention purposes.

A cross-sectional study on Diabetes Distress among Type II Diabetes patients attending a Diabetes and Nutrition clinic in a Tertiary Government Hospital, Tripura, India

Paramita Choudhuri, Subrata Baidya, Taranga Reang, Swapan Sarkar — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Prevalence of diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide and due to its chronicity, it poses a significant

psychological burden on the patients, in the form of diabetes distress. However, this distress can be prevented

by approaching it with early detection and proper counseling. The present study aims to find out the

proportion of distress among diabetes patients, attending the Diabetes and Nutrition Clinics of Agartala

Government Medical College, in Tripura.

Materials & methods

This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in West Tripura district during the year

2018-2020, including a total of 300 diabetics. Diabetes Distress Scale-17 was used to assess the distress. Data

was analysed in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.

Results

In the present study, mean age of the study participants was 53.48 years( ± SD 10.33 years). 55% of the subjects

were female, 57.67% were from urban areas, 80.33% married, 48.33% housewives, 27% were illiterate, and

30.67% were from middle socio-economic status (SES).The proportion of high, moderate and little or no

diabetes related distress among the subjects were 17.33%, 40.34% & 42.33% respectively. The factors

significantly associated with moderate to high diabetes distress were sex (female, p= 0.003) community

(Other Backward Classes, p= 0.023), education (illiterates, p= 0.003), occupation (housewives, p=0.000) and

marital status (married, p= 0.019). On multiple regression analysis only occupation (housewives, p=0.005) was

found to have significant effect.

Conclusion: This study indicates the need for routine screening and timely diagnosis of diabetes distress so

that psychological counseling can be effective.

Keywords: Diabetes Distress, DDS-17, Type II diabetes

Contraceptive Use and Associated Factors Among People Living with HIV/AIDS Attending an Anti-Retroviral Therapy Centre in Central India

Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction:

India is home to approximately 2.47 million people living with HIV (PLHIV), and the increasing availability of

antiretroviral therapy (ART) has contributed to a decline in AIDS-related mortality. However, unintended

pregnancies among PLHIV continue to pose a public health challenge. While ART services are well-established, the

integration of family planning (FP) services remains suboptimal, particularly for individuals outside key populations.

This study aimed to assess patterns of contraceptive usage and explore associated socio-demographic and clinical

factors among PLHIV in Central India.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 168 HIV-positive individuals attending the ART Centre to evaluate

changes in contraceptive use before and after HIV diagnosis, identify factors influencing current use, and explore

key barriers among non-users. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and interviewed using a

structured, pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, applying descriptive statistics and

chi-square tests to examine associations, with a p-value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

Contraceptive use increased significantly after HIV diagnosis, rising from 35.1% to 78.0%. Condoms remained the

most used method both before and after diagnosis. Additionally, the use of oral pills, copper-T, injectables, and

natural methods increased post-diagnosis, indicating diversification of contraceptive methods. Education (p =

0.021) and spouse’s HIV status (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with current contraceptive use. Among non

users, key barriers included irregular sexual activity (43.2%), partner discordance (27%), and fear of side effects

(10.8%).

Conclusion

The study highlights a promising increase in contraceptive uptake among PLHIV following diagnosis. However,

persistent barriers and limited method choices underscore the need for integrated, client-centred FP services within

ART centres. Addressing misinformation, involving partners, and strengthening education-focused counselling

could contribute to improved contraceptive outcomes for PLHIV.

Awareness and usage of digital tools for cessation of smoking among college going smokers in Ernakulam, Kerala: A cross-sectional survey in 2022

Aishwariya R, Anup Karan — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Despite numerous studies reporting on tobacco use prevalence, there's a dearth of secondary data addressing the

willingness, reasons for reluctance, and utilization of digital technologies for tobacco cessation counselling.

Objectives were to understand the prevalence of tobacco smoking among college students in Ernakulam, to

understand the awareness and willingness to use digital technology for tobacco cessation. A cross-sectional survey

included undergraduate and postgraduate students from six colleges in Ernakulam district, Kerala, covering fields

such as Medical, Dental, Nursing, Engineering, Arts, and other sciences. Purposive sampling was employed.

Descriptive analysis and multiple logistic regression were used to explore internet usage prevalence and its

correlates. The study found that 40% of participants were smokers, while only 32% were familiar with digital

technologies. However, 55% expressed a strong willingness to use digital tools for quitting smoking, particularly

smartphone apps and text-based services. Over half (53.7%) had attempted to quit, with those aged 23 to 26 in arts

and sciences showing the highest inclination, citing health and financial reasons. Despite multiple attempts, success

rates were low, with reasons for reluctance including confidence in self-management, doubts about digital tools,

and lack of motivation to quit. The study examined how digital technologies can aid smoking cessation efforts.

These tools have the potential to foster behavior change and support quitting. With the widespread adoption of

digital technology in India, particularly in urban and rural areas where internet usage is rising, there's an opportunity

to utilize these tools effectively for smoking cessation.

Patient’s outlook towards the services rendered by subcentres after introduction of Ayushmann Bharat scheme in Gujarat- A cross-sectional study

Astha Vala, Preeti Panchal — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Background:

To meet the global pledge of achieving the sustainable development goal of universal health coverage, the

Government of India launched Ayushmann Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana in 2018. Since then, there has

been little knowledge regarding the acceptance of this program at the community level. This study aims to evaluate

the uptake of services provided under the Ayushman Bharat program at subcentres from beneficiaries’ perspectives

in the Vadodara district, Western India.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study with a mixed-method approach was carried out among newly transformed subcentres into

functional Health and Wellness centers for six months. Thirty percent (N=27 subcentres) of functional subcentres

were randomly selected from each taluka based on probability proportionate to size. Exit interviews of 3 to 4

patients were taken at selected subcentres from Vadodara district, Gujarat, from November 2020 to April 2021.

Results:

Exit interviews were conducted with 100 patients, including equal numbers of males and females. It was found that

most patients were satisfied with the current functioning of subcentres, which provided a comprehensive range of

services, provided essential drugs and diagnostics, and improved the availability and good conduct of healthcare

providers.

Conclusion:

Ayushmann Bharat program has reinforced India's primary healthcare delivery system in providing better services,

staff, and logistics to the community and improving trust in the government healthcare system.

E-Cadherin and Beta-Catenin Immunoexpression In Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma

Anu T R, Rahul Rajeev, Lovely Jose, Krishna Raj J S, Seeja Sumedhan — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common invasive cancer of female genital tract. It is classified into type 1 and

type 2, of which endometrioid carcinoma belongs to type 1 endometrial carcinoma and accounts for 85% of cases

reported. It is an estrogen–sensitive carcinoma. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to high

grade endometrioid carcinoma can aid in early detection and management.

Objectives

To assess the association between the immunoexpression of Beta-Catenin/E-Cadherin and histopathological

prognostic factors in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.

Methodology

Sample size was 61. Endometrioid carcinoma grading was determined for each case from routine Hematoxylin (H)

and Eosin (E) sections. Then immunohistochemical staining of E-Cadherin and Beta -Catenin was done. E-Cadherin

and Beta-Catenin expression was correlated with tumour grade, TNM, depth of myometrial invasion and lymph

node status.

Results

A low Beta-Catenin expression was obtained in 100% of grade 3 tumours when compared to 37.8% and 22.8% of

grade 1 and 2 tumours respectively. Beta-Catenin expression was low, being 78.6%, 40% and 31% of Stage T3, T2

and T1 respectively. But expression of E- Cadherin and Beta -Catenin were not significantly correlated with lymph

node invasion and depth of myometrial invasion.

Conclusion

E-Cadherin expression was significantly reduced in high grade endometrioid carcinoma, however this study could

not document a significant correlation of E- Cadherin expression with TNM staging, lymph node metastasis, and

depth of myometrial invasion. Beta-Catenin expression was significantly low in grade 3 endometrioid carcinoma,

but no significant correlation of Beta -Catenin expression with depth of myometrial invasion and lymph node status

was obtained.

Prevalence of vitamin- D deficiency in newly diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases in South India- A tertiary care hospital based cross sectional study

Unni R Baby, Supriya Adiody — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Tuberculosis remains a significant global health concern, with a disproportionate burden in developing countries.

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the immune system's response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent

of tuberculosis. Vitamin D is known to be involved in the activation of immune cells, such as macrophages, that are

responsible for the phagocytosis and destruction of the tuberculosis pathogen.

Methodology

This cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in south India, to assess the association between

vitamin D and Pulmonary tuberculosis. We included 100 newly diagnosed Pulmonary tuberculosis cases meeting

the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Their vitamin D levels were assessed before starting them on ATT (anti –

tubercular treatment) according to NTEP (National tuberculosis elimination programme). Also, its association with

severity of diseases – assessed with sputum smear severity and chest x-ray involvement.

Results

We found that 72% (72 out of 100) of the patients were deficient (<20 ng/mL), 20% (20 out of 100) were insufficient

(21–29 ng/mL), and 8% (8 out of 100) had sufficient levels (?30 ng/mL), showed the high prevalence of vitamin D

deficiency, emphasizing the need for screening and possible supplementation. It also shows significant association

between vitamin D deficiency and sputum smear severity (p value <0.001).

Conclusion

We suggest conducting more studies in the south Indian population and to include screening of vitamin D levels in

the NTEP programme.

Implementation Reflections of a Nodal Officer on Active Case Finding for Tuberculosis under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme in Puducherry, India

Sengadhir Vendhan, Elanchezhian D, Vasanthakogilam M — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This article describes the experiences of a nodal officer in leading an Active Case Finding (ACF) campaign for

tuberculosis (TB) as part of India’s National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP). The campaign, conducted

across several Primary Health Centres (PHCs) in "Puducherry", focused on early detection of TB in high-risk

communities. A team of ASHA workers, Anganwadi workers, and interns carried out door-to-door screenings. Data

was gathered using EpiCollect5, which facilitated real-time updates and precise, accurate reporting.Although there

were challenges with logistics and some resistance from the community, the campaign demonstrated how

important community engagement and cultural understanding are for practical public health work. This report

details the operational aspects of ACF and proposes improvements for future campaigns.

Assessing the determinants of unmet needs regarding contraceptive use among married women in Gurugram, Haryana, Indi

Shambhavi, B.S. Deswal, Sandeep Rai — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction

Unmet needs of family planning in India has subsided to an extent, but still the gaps in rural areas are high and a

matter of concern. Family planning has two main objectives: To have only the desired number of children and to

have proper spacing in pregnancies. Knowledge and practice of family planning are strongly related to education,

labour force participation and fertility. This has led us to achieve the unmet need for family planning down to 9%

from 13% asreported in NFHS-4.

Aim & Objectives

To find out the determinants of Unmet needs of contraceptives and the association of socio-demographic factors

with the unmet needs.

Methodology

The study was a cross sectional study done in the rural area of Gurugram among the reproductive females in the

age group of 18-45 years. Those who were willing to participate were included in the study. A pre-tested and pre

structured questionnaire was developed and given to the participants. Probability Proportional to Size was used as

sampling method.The sample size was 360.Chi Square test was applied to find the statistical association.

Results: In the study, Unmet needs experienced by the study participants came out to be among 58(16.11%). The

Unmet need for spacing was among 18 participants (31.03%) and unmet needs for limiting the number of children

was feltby 40 participants (72.72%).Majority of females 48 of them (37.5%) who were sexually active and wanted to

use any contraceptive method but was not currently using due to husband’s or In-Laws decision against its use.The

association between low education and poor socio-economic status was significant with high unmet needs

prevalent among the participants.

Conclusion: Targeting unmet needs of Family Planning is needed the overall growth and development of a female

including her mental and physical health.

Public health awareness towards cervical cancer and hpv vaccination: a cross-sectional study on medical students of central India

Ruchi Kumari, Avina Kharat, Narlapati Vignan — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ackground

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in India with an incidence rate of 18.3% and the second leading

cause of death with a mortality rate of 9.1%. It is a potentially preventable disease if there is adequate vaccination

against HPV and through proper screening and treatment of pre-cancerous lesions.

Objective

This study aims to assess the awareness, attitude, and practices of female undergraduate and postgraduate medical

students of MGM Medical College, Indore regarding cervical cancer and their vaccination status against HPV.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a predesigned, validated, and self-administered questionnaire

distributed through google forms after obtaining informed consent from participants. Data was analyzed using

descriptive statistics.

Results

A total of 132 participants responded out of which 79 were undergraduates and 53 were postgraduate residents.

87.1% of them were aware of the risk factors leading to cervical cancer while 53% of them agreed that vaccination

is effective in preventing HPV infection and cervical cancer. We found that 14.4% of the participants were

vaccinated against HPV. Half of the study population strongly agreed that all married women aged between 30-65

years should undergo screening for cervical cancer while only less than one-tenth of them had done prior screening

of the eligible females in their families.

Conclusion

Our study population showed good knowledge of cervical cancer and the role of HPV vaccination as a preventive

measure, but very few of them were vaccinated or had undergone screening themselves. Therefore, this study

highlights the need for more promotion and encouragement of medical students to get themselves vaccinated and

opt for early cancer screening.

Quality of sleep and its association with depression among postpartum women in an urban slum, bengaluru: a cross-sectional study

Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Sleep is essential for physical and mental health, and its quality is affected by numerous factors. Postpartum

women, especially those living in urban slums, often encounter increased sleep disruptions, raising their risk of

depression. Around 10-42% of women worldwide suffer from postpartum depression.

Objectives

To assess the association of poor sleep quality with postpartum depression, social, environmental and psycho

cultural factors among postpartum women in an urban slum of Bengaluru.

Materials/Methods

A cross-sectional study was done among postpartum women in an urban slum in Bengaluru in 2024. 100 postpartum

women were selected using a simple random sampling method, based on a study by Iranpour et al. written informed

consent was obtained, and the participants were interviewed using a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire,

along with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.

Results

The mean age of the mothers was 26±3.9 years, with 16% reporting poor sleep quality and 18% experiencing

depression. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with depression (p = 0.001), mood swings (p = 0.008),

intimate partner violence (p = 0.001), pressure to have a male baby (p < 0.0001), and emotional support (p = 0.0005).

Conclusion

This study highlights a significant prevalence of poor sleep quality and depression among postpartum women in an

urban slum in Bengaluru. There is a strong association between poor sleep, depression, and various socio

environmental factors, emphasising the need for targeted interventions like improving living conditions, creating

safe environments, addressing substance abuse, and regular mental health screening and counselling to support

maternal mental health in underserved communities.

Ayurvedic management of mucopurulent chronic bronchitis in children: A Case Report

Arun Raj G R, Preeti L Prasad, Rinkal Satuniya, Mokindan R, Kavya Mohan — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mucopurulent chronic bronchitis in children is a persistent inflammatory condition of the respiratory tract, often

marked by recurrent episodes of productive cough with thick, mucoid or purulent sputum. Ayurveda is a traditional

system of medicine from India that emphasizes a holistic approach to health, focusing on balance between body,

mind, and environment. It emphasizes balance among bodily humours known as Doshas. Mucopurulent chronic

bronchitis can be correlated with Kaphaja Kasa, a disorder classified under Pranavaha Sroto Vikara, primarily

caused by the aggravation of Kapha and Vata Doshas. It is commonly triggered by the consumption of heavy, oily,

and cold foods (Kaphakara Ahara) and lifestyle habits that promote Kapha accumulation (Kaphakara Vihara).

Children are particularly susceptible due to their natural Kapha-dominant physiology. Persistent cough, as a

prominent symptom, significantly impairs quality of life in paediatric patients and often necessitates repeated

clinical interventions. This case report presents the Ayurvedic management of a 12-year-old girl diagnosed

with mucopurulent chronic bronchitis, clinically understood as Kaphaja Kasa. She reported recurrent productive

cough for over a year, with a recent exacerbation involving expectoration of white mucoid sputum for the last 3–4

days. Symptoms were notably aggravated during early mornings, night-time, and seasonal transitions. After

thorough clinical evaluation, Ayurvedic treatment was initiated, which included Sthanik Abhyanga (localized

massage), Nadi Swedana (localized steam therapy), and internal medications designed to pacify aggravated Kapha

Dosha. The patient responded well to the treatment, showing a significant reduction in cough frequency, sputum

production, and associated discomfort. She was discharged with Samana Oushadhi (mild pacifying medicines),

which were continued for 15 days post-treatment. This case highlights the effectiveness of classical Ayurvedic

interventions in the management of mucopurulent chronic bronchitis in children. The integrative use of external

therapies and internal medication helped address the underlying Kapha imbalance, leading to sustained relief

without recurrence. Such evidence supports the role of Ayurvedic protocols in treating chronic paediatric

respiratory conditions safely and effectively.

Laws, Policies, and Evidence on the Quality of Life of Senior Citizens in Kathmandu Metropolitan City

Kripa Sigdel — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ntroduction

The global aging trend is accelerating, making the quality of life (QoL) among elderly populations a critical concern.

Understanding the physical, social, psychological, and environmental dimensions of QoL is essential, particularly as

life expectancy increases. This study examines the QoL of senior citizens in Kathmandu Metropolitan City and

evaluates the legal frameworks and policies that shape their well-being.

Methods

A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was employed alongside document review. A total of 206 elderly

participants from Ward Nos. 9 and 12 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City were surveyed using standardized QoL

assessment tools. Additionally, relevant laws, policies, directives, and programs concerning senior citizens were

systematically reviewed.

Results

The findings indicate that most senior citizens in the sample reported good QoL. However, 14–18% of participants

exhibited poor QoL across Physical Health, Psychological Well-being, Social Relationships, and Environment

domains. Key predictors of QoL included gender, age, educational attainment, and existing health conditions.

Significant positive correlations were observed among the four QoL domains, overall QoL, and health satisfaction.

Conclusion

While Kathmandu Metropolitan City has demonstrated a commitment to elderly welfare through policy

frameworks, notable gaps persist. Strengthening qualitative approaches, adopting a well-being-centered

framework, and enhancing geriatric healthcare capacity are crucial for improving senior citizens' QoL.

An observational study on psychiatric health problems and parenting style in children of parents with psychiatric illnesses

Harish Chandra — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

The parent with mental illnesses can have significant long-term effects on the mental health of the children. The

offspring of parents with mental illnesses can have various behavioral and psychological disorders. Parenting style,

which influences child development and resilience, plays a crucial role in this context. Hence, the study aims to

investigate the psychiatric and behavior problems of children of parents with mental illnesses and to understand

the role of parenting in psychopathology of children.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted at tertiary care center, Delhi. The mental health of 92 children was assessed

by using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Kids (MINI-KID) and parenting style of 70 parents with

mental illnesses was assessed by using the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Participants were recruited through

purposive sampling. The statistical analysis was done by using descriptive statistics and spearman’s rank correlation

coefficients.

Results

The findings revealed that 36.9 % of the children exhibited behavioral issues, with a notable prevalence of both

internalizing (e.g., transient anxiety symptoms, sleep disturbances) and externalizing symptoms (e.g., irritability,

poor academic performance). Approximately 28.2% of the children were diagnosed with psychiatric illnesses,

predominantly anxiety disorders, followed by mood disorders. The parents with mental illness exhibited both

positive and negative parenting styles, with poor monitoring being the most common negative style, and higher

positive parenting associated with lower child psychopathology.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions and support systems for families affected by

parental mental illness, highlighting the critical role of parenting practices in mitigating the risk of intergenerational

transmission of mental health problems.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Female Non-medical Undergraduates regarding Lifestyle Diseases – Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome

Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

introduction

Lifestyle diseases among female adolescents are a growing concern in public health specialists significantly

improving their reproductive and general health. Apart from knowledge about risk factors and complications of

these diseases, right attitude and practice are also necessary to prevent them. Hence this study was undertaken to

assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of non-medical undergraduate students regarding Polycystic Ovarian

Syndrome (PCOS) and other lifestyle diseases like hypertension and type-2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Material and Methods

A total of 300 students selected from three different streams by simple random method were included in the study.

The study was an institution-based cross-sectional study done using a questionnaire designed for this purpose and

validated. The knowledge, attitude and practice scores were calculated and means were compared between

different groups and also across socio-cultural factors.

Results

There was significant difference among the knowledge, attitude and practice scores of the three groups. The

students of applied science showed much higher level of knowledge compared to basic sciences and arts students.

However, that difference was not sustained when it came to attitude and practice.

Conclusion

Majority of the students were unaware of the lifestyle basis of PCOS. Knowledge about lifestyle diseases did not

translate into adequate preventive action among non-medical undergraduate students. Hence there is necessity to

sensitize them in taking adequate lifestyle changes at an early stage

Sleep Disorders as a contributor to Cardiovascular Risk: A short review focused on Africa

Jude Eteneneng Enoh, Nomagugu Ndlovu, Roland Tiagha Akah, Benedicta Nkeh-Chungag — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

There is a bidirectional association between cardiovascular disease and sleep disorders involving neurohormonal,

inflammatory, metabolic, and autonomic dysfunction mechanisms. Sleep disorders are primarily associated with

cardiovascular and metabolic complications, and it is crucial to carry out more research and introduce targeted

interventions. Purpose of the review: This review addresses sleep disorders in children, pathophysiological

pathways linking sleep disturbances to cardiovascular risk, challenges, and potential intervention strategies which

can be implemented within the African context.

Key Findings

Several key sleep disorders associated with cardiovascular health have been identified in Africa, including

Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Insomnia, Restless Legs Syndrome, and Sleep-Disordered Breathing. The impact of sleep

disorders on children's cardiovascular risk is still identified as an issue yet to be exhaustively studied in Africa. Sleep

health was reported to be an overlooked component in terms of the prevention of CVD in children, particularly in

Africa, where the prevalence of non-communicable diseases is rising.

Conclusion

Some of the challenges identified regarding this overlook include poor awareness, inadequate health infrastructure,

beliefs, and an absence of region-specific data.

The Impact of Pica on Maternal Cardiovascular Health: A Review

Akah Roland Tiagha, Enoh Jude Eteneneng, Benedicta Nkeh-Chungag — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

BSTRACT

Pica, the compulsive consumption of non-food substances, is a behavior observed in various populations across the

world, particularly during pregnancy. This reviewexplores the relationshipbetween pica and maternal cardiovascular

health, focusing on the potential physiological, nutritional, and psychological implications of pica during

pregnancy. Although pica may stem from nutritional deficiencies, especially of iron and other essential minerals,

consumption of non-food items can exacerbate maternal health risks, particularly cardiovascular complications.

Ingesting materials such as soil, clay, or chalk poses risks of heavy metal exposure, toxicities, and gastrointestinal

disturbances, which may contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including increased blood pressure and

elevated stress on the heart. Moreover, the nutritional deficiencies associated with pica can lead to anemia, further

straining cardiovascular health and increasing the likelihood of complications such as preeclampsia. This review

underscores the importance of understanding the intersection between pica and cardiovascular health in pregnant

women, advocating for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to develop effective screening

and intervention strategies. Increased awareness and tailored nutritional support during prenatal care can mitigate

the cardiovascular risks associated with pica, promoting healthier maternal and fetal outcomes.

Depression, Anxiety and Stress and their associated factors among Undergraduate Medical Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Background

Medical students are subjected to a unique set of stressors that can significantly impact their mental health. Due to

the strenuous course of MBBS, which lasts forfive years, characterized by rigorous course work, long hours of study

duration and the emotional toll of clinical training often leads to elevated levels of stress, anxiety and depression

among the students. With these viewpoints, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and

stress and its associated factors among undergraduate medical students in Lucknow.

Material and Method

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 medical students to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for

depression in a private medical college and hospital in North India, utilising a random sampling method. Along with

the pre-tested questionnaire which was validated by the pilot study done on 30 students, the Depression Anxiety

Stress Scale (DASS) was used as study tool to assess the level of depression and anxiety among the study

population. Collected data was analysed statistically by simple proportions and the chi-squared test.

Results

The overall prevalence of abnormal levels of stress was 68.5% followed by depression which had a prevalence of

52.7%. In terms of severity stress was the most prevalent condition with more than a quarter (28.20%) of the

students presenting with severe and very severe scores compared depression (19%).The prevalence of depression

and anxiety was higher among final year students (55% and 73% respectively) and first year medical students (54%,

76%) respectively. A significant association was found between the prevalence of depression in medical students

with family history of mental illness.

Conclusion

Prevalence of depression is higher among medical undergraduate students. This study suggests that there are

certain risk factors other than academic stressors which predispose medical students to psychological morbidity

such as anxiety and depression.

Epidemiological Insights, Mupirocin Resistance, and the Silent Threat of Biofilm Formation

Saravana Priya J K , Subha R,, Veena Kumari — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ackground

Staphylococcus aureus with methicillin resistance (MRSA) causes life-threatening infections in immune

compromised individuals. Categorization of MRSA as Healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) and Community

associated (CA-MRSA) has an impact on outcome and treatment protocols. Mupirocin helps in the prevention and

eradication of nasal MRSA; the detection of mupirocin resistance is crucial.

Aims and Objectives

To estimate the prevalence and risk factors associated with CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA.

To assess the prevalence of mupirocin-resistance strains.

To detect biofilm production and its correlation in Healthcare-associated Infection (HCAI)

Methods

Analysed MRSA prevalence in nasal swabs. Categorisation into CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA by risk factor analysis.

Mupirocin resistance as per CLSI guidelines. Biofilm production: 96-well plate method, Tube method, Congo red

agar plate method.

Result

Prevalence of MRSA- 3.37 % (74 out of 2190). Number and Prevalence of CA-MRSA – 10 (13.5 %) and HA-MRSA- 64

(86.5 %). Prevalenceof mupirocin resistance: 1.56% (1 in 64).All strains ofHA-MRSA(100%) werebiofilm producers,

and one CA-MRSA (10%) showed biofilm production. Risk factor analysis showed HA-MRSA in older populations,

prolonged hospitalised patients, ICU admission, indwelling devices, invasive procedures, prior antimicrobial

therapy, prior MRSA carrier, and CA-MRSA in young age, crowded environment, sharing of items, breach in skin

integrity and those who have tattoos.

Conclusion

MRSA and mupirocin resistance are low in our setting, but most MRSA cases are hospital-acquired. Strict Infection

Prevention and Control (IPC) practices are needed to prevent infection spread. Biofilm production in multi-drug

resistant HA-MRSA indicates a link with virulence and healthcare-associated infections (HCAI).

Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review

Somaieh Salehi, .Farnaz Shaygan Majd, Zahra Rezaie — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Ketamine has attracted considerable attention as a novel treatment for depression due to its rapid and potent

antidepressant effect. On the one hand, this drug has attracted the attention of specialists treating treatment

resistant depressive disorders as an alternative drug for therapeutic methods such as electroconvulsive therapy

(ECT), and on the other hand, due to its properties and positive therapeutic performance in preventing suicide and

side effects. Low cognition and the possibility of a faster effect and a good durability of the therapeutic effects,

especially in the case of repeated ketamine injections, are of interest. Therefore, we reviewed and discussed the

mechanism of ketamine's effect and its performance in treatment-resistant depression, as well as the positive

points and side effects of Ketamine.

Methodology

A computerized search of the databases was conducted between January 2014 and September 2024 using the

following keywords, including “Depression”, “Ketamine” and “Treatment-resistant Depression”.

Results

After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and appraising the quality, eight studies were included and the data

were extracted. Some of the articles reported the rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Few studies

represented long-term effects and only one study showed no effectiveness of this treatment.

Conclusion

Ketamine represents a significant advancement in managing TRD, demonstrating rapid effects and potential

improvements in mood and cognitive function. However, the necessity for repeated treatments and ongoing

research into long-term effects and safety remains critical to fully understanding its role in depression

management.

Prevalence of Stress and Its Associated Factors among Antenatal Mothers in Rural Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India

Dinesh P V, Rula Iqbal Sawkar, Namratha K G — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background

Stress is a psychological and physiological response to challenges, and during pregnancy, it can have adverse effects

on both mothers and their infants. Pregnancy-related stress may lead to complications such as preeclampsia,

gestational diabetes, and low birth weight, impacting foetal development. Gaining insights into how common

stress is among pregnant women and identifying contributing factors is essential to enhancing the well-being of

both mothers and their babies.

Objectives

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of stress and identify the factors associated with antenatal stress among

pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital in rural Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to June 2023. Data were collected from 195 pregnant women

using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and a structured questionnaire on demographic, obstetric, and psychosocial

factors. Statistical evaluation was carried out using chi-square analysis along with logistic regression methods.

Results

Results indicated that 63.07% of the participants reported low levels of stress, while 24.10% experienced moderate

stress, and 12.82% were classified as having high stress. Key factors associated with higher stress levels included

lower socio-economic status, previous abortion, marital and family conflicts, and suicidal ideation.

Conclusion

A significant proportion of antenatal women experienced moderate to high levels of stress, with socio-economic

challenges, marital issues, and previous abortion being major contributing factors. The outcomes highlight the

importance of implementing focused strategies to reduce stress and enhance care during pregnancy.

Comparative evaluation of varied antibody response to SARS-CoV-2in asymptomatic High risk versus Low risk population: A cross sectional serosurvey at Sirmour District, Himachal Pradesh, India

Rashmi Kashyap, Shubhpreet Sodhi, Kamaljeet Singh, Manju Bala — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ABSTRACT

Covid -19 disease is a respiratory illness caused by novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2 (SARS

CoV-2). Serological testing in Covid -19 infection can facilitate diagnostic utility for case management especially in

later stages of the disease when the sensitivity of RT-PCR to diagnose COVID -19 lower. There are limited studies

from low and middle-income countries like India regarding this. So, this study was designed for Comparative

evaluation of the varied antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic high risk versus low risk population at

District level.

Method

High risk and low risk individuals were selected based on convenience sampling at the various health institutes of

District at Block level. ELISA IgG blood test kits provided by the state government for serosurvey were used.

CovidKavach Anti SARSCoV-2 Human Ig ELISA kit intended for detection of IgG antibodies, manufactured by

Trivitron health care and validated by ICMR, NIV Pune was used.

Results

Seroprevalence of SARS COV2 was assessed among 470 health care workers and 331 participants from general

population. Overall seropositivity for SARS CoV 2 was present in 61(12.9%) health care workers. No significant

difference was present in various parameters like age, gender and profession between seropositive and

seronegative health care workers except block wise distribution (p<0.001). Among general population, overall

seropositivity for SARS CoV 2 was present in 30/331(9.0%). Seroprevalence in this study is seen to be higher in males

than in females, both in general population and health care workers (HCW). However, no correlation was found

between Diabetes, Asthma or Hypertensive patients and IgG positivity among HCW or general population. The

study highlights the role of seroprevalence detection in asymptomatic or undetected infections in both groups.

Prevalence of Problematic Mobile Phone Use Among Undergraduate Medical, Dental, and Nursing Students in Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the MUST Scale

Rohit David, Sumit Kumar Gupta,, Rahul Pal — Sun, 14 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

ntroduction

Increased mobile phone usage among undergraduate medical students causes a detrimental effect on their health.

The study aims to identify mobile phone usage patterns and the factors influencing excessive use.

Materials & Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students of Medical & Nursing, Dental from the

Rajnandgaon city, Chhattisgarh from March 2023 to July 2023. Data were collected from 667 students using the

MUST scale, an 18-item mobile phone screening test in a self-report Likert-type format (5 points), to identify

excessive use. Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS 22 were used to analyse the data.

Results

64% were female & 36% were male, 41.2% users were belonging to 21-22 age groups, with 73% users age of first

use of mobile phone were >16 yrs age, 37% student were prefer using mobile and staying indoors, 45.6% students

were using mobile phone daily 4-6 hrs/day. 66.9 % of students were using mobile phones at bed time. A significant

association was found between Skip food due to phone use in the last 7 days (p < 0.01), daily use of smartphone per

day and phone use at bed time (p<0.0001).

Conclusion

The study shows the alarming rate of risk of smartphone addiction among medical students, Nursing, Dental

students. Students should be encouraged to assess their mobile phone addiction and increase awareness of the

issue. Thus, limiting mobile phone access may be beneficial.